Chemistry vs Chemical Engineering Careers: Salary, Outlook & Real Differences

Chemistry vs chemical engineering at a glance

CHEMISTRY:

  • Median Salary: $84,150 annually (May 2024)
  • Job Growth: 5% (2024-2034) – Faster than average
  • Annual Openings: ~7,000 positions
  • Education: Bachelor’s minimum; PhD often preferred for research
  • Work Environment: Laboratories, research facilities, quality control
  • Focus: Discovery, analysis, molecular understanding
  • Top Industry: Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING:

  • Median Salary: $121,860 annually (May 2024)
  • Job Growth: 3% (2024-2034) – About average
  • Annual Openings: ~1,100 positions
  • Education: bachelor’s is often sufficient; master’s/PE license enhances advancement
  • Work Environment: Manufacturing plants, design offices, industrial facilities
  • Focus: Process design, scale-up, optimization, industrial application
  • Top Industry: Oil and gas extraction ($181,010 mean wage)

SALARY DIFFERENCE: Chemical engineers earn approximately $37,710 more annually than chemists at median levels.

Introduction

Choosing between chemistry and chemical engineering can feel like standing at a fork in the road with both paths disappearing into fog. They sound similar, they share a love for how matter behaves, and both lead to respected, well-paid careers. But the kind of work you’ll do, how much math you’ll use, where you’ll work, and how your career grows over decades are very different.

This guide walks through all the key differences, mindsets, education, daily work, salaries, job outlook, hybrid options, myths, and practical next steps so you can make a decision that fits who you are and the life you want.

Big Picture: What’s the Fundamental Difference?

Before diving into salaries or course lists, you need to grasp the core distinction. It’s not a subtle nuance; it shapes everything: how you think, what you do all day, and how your career feels.

What Chemists Do

Chemistry is a science focused on understanding matter at the molecular and atomic levels.

Chemists ask questions like

  • What is this substance made of?
  • How do these molecules react with each other?
  • Can we design a new molecule with specific properties?

They work on:

  • Developing new synthetic routes for novel molecules
  • Analyzing environmental samples for pollutants
  • Studying how drugs behave in the body
  • Investigating materials at the molecular level

Chemistry is about discovery and understanding. The lab is your primary world: glassware, reagents, instruments, careful measurements, and detailed notes. Success often means publishing new findings, improving methods, or creating compounds that open doors in medicine, energy, or materials.

What Chemical Engineers Do

Chemical engineering is an engineering discipline that uses chemistry plus physics, maths, and economics to design and run large-scale processes.

Chemical engineers ask:

  • How do we produce this substance in tonnes per year, not grams?
  • How do we design a process that is safe, efficient, and profitable?
  • How do we scale a lab reaction into an industrial plant?

They work on:

  • Designing chemical plants and manufacturing processes
  • Scaling up drug production from lab to factory
  • Optimizing energy use, yield, and cost in processes
  • Ensuring safety, environmental compliance, and reliability

If a chemist discovers the “recipe”, the chemical engineer designs the entire “restaurant chain” that serves millions of customers consistently and safely.

Two Different Mindsets

A useful way to think about it:

  • Chemistry = depth. You dig deep into a narrow area, understand mechanisms, tweak conditions, and look at fine details.
  • Chemical engineering = breadth & systems. You view an entire plant or process as a system, with materials in, products out, energy flows, safety, economics, and environmental impact.

As one professor famously puts it (paraphrased):

Chemistry rewards patience and precision in experiments. Chemical engineering rewards systems thinking and comfort with complex, interconnected problems.

Both are challenging, but the kind of challenge is different. Your natural personality and strengths will decide which feels more “right”.

What You’ll Study: Education Paths Compared

Your college journey will look quite different depending on whether you choose chemistry or chemical engineering.

1. Chemistry Degree: Content and Skills

A typical chemistry curriculum includes:

  • General Chemistry
    Atomic structure, bonding, stoichiometry, thermodynamics, equilibrium, and basic kinetics.
  • Organic Chemistry
    Structure and reactions of carbon-based molecules. Crucial for pharmaceuticals, biochemistry, and materials. Often a tough “filter” course, but vital.
  • Physical Chemistry (P-Chem)
    Where chemistry meets math and physics: quantum chemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics, and statistical mechanics. Heavy on equations and theory.
  • Analytical Chemistry
    How to identify and quantify substances. Techniques like spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemistry.
  • Inorganic Chemistry
    Everything beyond carbon: coordination complexes, organometallics, solid-state materials, and more.
  • Labs, Labs, Labs
    You’ll spend many hours weekly in the lab:
    • Synthesizing compounds
    • Running titrations and separations
    • Using instruments like GC, HPLC, UV-Vis, IR, NMR
    • Keeping meticulous lab notebooks
  • Math & Physics
    • Usually 2–3 semesters of calculus, sometimes differential equations
    • 2 semesters of physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism)

Chemistry degrees strongly emphasise experimental technique, data interpretation, and careful documentation. Many programmes also require or encourage undergraduate research, where you join a professor’s lab and work on a real project.

Graduate study is common:

  • Master’s (M.Sc.) – ~2 years, mix of courses and thesis.
  • PhD – 5–7 years, deep research specialisation, publications, dissertation.
    Essential if you want to be a research scientist or professor.

2. Chemical Engineering Degree: Content and Skills

A chemical engineering curriculum is more heavily weighted toward math, physics, and engineering sciences. You still study chemistry, but it’s not the main focus.

Core topics include:

  • Chemistry Basics
    General chemistry and some organic and physical chemistry.
  • Thermodynamics (Engineering-Focused)
    Much deeper than chemical thermodynamics:
    • Power cycles
    • Phase equilibria
    • Energy balances on processes
    • Efficiency and exergy
  • Fluid Mechanics
    How liquids and gases flow through pipes, pumps, and equipment. Crucial for plant and pipeline design.
  • Heat Transfer
    Conduction, convection, radiation; designing heat exchangers, reactors with temperature control, etc.
  • Mass Transfer & Separation Processes
    Distillation, absorption, extraction, membrane separation, and how to separate mixtures efficiently at scale.
  • Chemical Reaction Engineering
    Combining reaction kinetics with reactor design to determine reactor types, sizes, and operating conditions.
  • Process Design & Simulation
    Using software (like Aspen, HYSYS, etc.) to design complete plants:
    • Process flow diagrams (PFDs)
    • Piping & instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs)
    • Equipment sizing
    • Economic evaluation
  • Control Systems
    How to keep processes stable and safe automatically using sensors, controllers, and control algorithms.
  • Safety & Engineering Economics
    Hazard analysis, risk assessment, and process safety, as well as cost estimation, profitability, and investment decisions.
  • Math & Physics (More Demanding)
    • Calculus I–III
    • Differential equations
    • Linear algebra, sometimes numerical methods/statistics
    • 3–4 semesters of physics (mechanics, thermo, E&M, sometimes modern physics)

Labs in chemical engineering are often pilot-scale:

  • Small reactors, distillation columns, heat exchangers
  • You take measurements, run experiments, compare with theoretical models
  • There’s usually less bench-scale “chemistry” lab work and more equipment + data + modelling.

Many chemical engineers do not pursue graduate degrees. A bachelor’s in chemical engineering is often enough for strong careers. Master’s or PhDs are valuable if you want:

  • Advanced R&D roles
  • Academic positions
  • Highly specialized technical or modeling roles

3. Which Is “Harder”?

They’re both demanding, but in different ways:

  • Chemistry is harder if you dislike:
    • Long lab sessions
    • Memorizing reactions and mechanisms
    • Very detailed, repetitive experimental work
  • Chemical engineering is harder if you struggle with:
    • Higher-level maths (especially differential equations)
    • Modeling complex systems
    • Abstract problem-solving across multiple disciplines

Instead of asking “which is harder?”, ask:

Which style of difficulty fits my strengths better?

What the Work Actually Looks Like Day to Day

Your daily environment and tasks are crucial to long-term satisfaction. Chemistry and chemical engineering create very different everyday realities.

1. Daily Life as a Chemist

Most chemists spend the majority of their time in labs, sometimes combined with office work.

Common chemist roles include:

Research & Development (R&D) Chemist

  • Designing and running experiments to:
    • Create new molecules
    • Improve reaction yields
    • Develop new materials or formulations
  • Using instruments like NMR, MS, HPLC, GC, IR
  • Analyzing data, troubleshooting failed reactions
  • Reading scientific literature and writing reports or papers

Work rhythm:

  • Plan experiments → Set them up → Monitor → Analyze → Repeat
  • It’s iterative and can be slow: experiments often fail before they succeed.

Analytical / Environmental Chemist

  • Collecting water, soil, air, or product samples
  • Running them on analytical instruments
  • Identifying and quantifying pollutants or impurities
  • Preparing formal reports for regulators or clients

Quality Control (QC) Chemist

  • Testing raw materials and final products against standards
  • Running routine but critical tests
  • Approving or rejecting batches
  • Ensuring consistent product quality and safety

Forensic Chemist

  • Analyzing evidence from crime scenes
  • Identifying drugs, toxins, or trace materials
  • Writing reports and sometimes testifying in court

Environment:

  • Climate-controlled labs
  • Lab coats, goggles, gloves
  • Clean benches, fume hoods, instruments
  • Typically regular daytime hours, with occasional rushes before deadlines or during critical experiments.

2. Daily Life as a Chemical Engineer

Chemical engineers work in a broader range of environments: plants, offices, pilot facilities, R&D centres, and sometimes labs.

Common roles include:

Process/Plant Engineer

  • Monitoring production data from chemical plants or refineries
  • Troubleshooting when yields drop or equipment misbehaves
  • Improving processes to reduce cost, energy use, or emissions
  • Coordinating with maintenance, operations, and safety teams

A day might include:

  • Morning: review overnight plant data, identify issues
  • Midday: field walk to inspect equipment, talk to operators
  • Afternoon: work on a project, adding a new line, tweaking a process, analyzing bottlenecks

Design Engineer (Consulting/EPC Firm)

  • Using simulation software to design new plants or upgrades
  • Sizing equipment: reactors, columns, pumps, heat exchangers
  • Creating PFDs/P&IDs, writing specifications, interfacing with vendors
  • Collaborating with mechanical, electrical, civil engineers

Mostly office-based, but with visits to construction sites or plants.

R&D Chemical Engineer

  • Scaling up processes from lab to pilot to production
  • Designing experiments to gather scale-up data
  • Working closely with chemists and manufacturing teams
  • Balancing safety, cost, and performance

Operations/Project Engineer

  • Managing projects such as capacity expansions or retrofits
  • Overseeing contractors, budgets, and schedules
  • Ensuring safe, on-time implementation

Environment:

  • In plants:
    • Hard hats, steel-toe boots, hearing protection
    • Walking around large equipment (tanks, towers, reactors)
    • Hot/cold, noisy environments
  • In offices:
    • Desk work, design, meetings, reports
  • Often a mix of both

Chemical engineering tends to be more team-orientated, with constant interaction across departments. Chemists often work in smaller research groups, though teamwork is still important.

4. Salary Comparison: Chemistry vs Chemical Engineering

Money isn’t everything, but it matters, especially over decades and with student loans in the picture.

Using recent U.S. data (May 2024 figures the article is based on):

  • Median salary – Chemists: about $84,150 per year
  • Median salary – Chemical Engineers: about $121,860 per year

That’s a difference of roughly $38,000 per year at the median. Over a 30–40 year career, that compounds into a very large gap.

1. Salary Ranges

Chemists:

  • Lower 10%: ~<$53,000
  • Median: ~$84,000
  • Top 10%: >~$154,000 (often PhDs in senior or specialized roles)

Chemical Engineers:

  • Lower 10%: >~$78,000
  • Median: ~$122,000
  • Top 10%: >~$182,000 (senior roles, high-paying industries, management)

2. Entry-Level Salaries

Approximate starting ranges:

  • Chemistry B.Sc.:
    • ~$50,000–$60,000 in typical roles
    • Higher in pharma or high-cost cities
  • Chemical Engineering B.Sc.:
    • ~$65,000–$75,000 in many industries
    • Offers can exceed $80,000 in oil/gas or certain high-demand sectors

So chemical engineering usually offers a higher starting point and keeps that advantage throughout most careers.

3. Industry Matters

For chemical engineers, higher-paying industries often include:

  • Oil & gas extraction
  • Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
  • Certain consulting and design firms
  • Some advanced manufacturing sectors (semiconductors, etc.)

For chemists, better-paying sectors include:

  • Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies
  • Specialty chemicals and advanced materials
  • Senior R&D roles in industry

Academic and testing-lab roles tend to pay less but may offer other benefits like security or work-life balance.

4. Geography and Cost of Living

Location can shift the picture:

  • A chemical engineer earning $120k in a low-cost state may live more comfortably than someone earning $150k in a very expensive city.
  • Chemistry jobs often cluster around pharma hubs or big universities, which can be in higher-cost regions.

When you compare offers, always factor in:

  • Housing costs
  • Taxes
  • Transport and lifestyle costs
  • Long-term growth and promotion potential

5. Career Growth

Chemists typically progress through roles like

  • Junior/Associate Chemist
  • Chemist → Senior Chemist
  • Principal Scientist/Research Fellow
  • Group Leader / Lab Manager / R&D Director

Some move into:

  • Regulatory affairs
  • Quality assurance
  • Technical sales
  • Management

Chemical engineers often progress:

  • Entry-level Engineer
  • Engineer II / Senior Engineer
  • Lead/Principal Engineer
  • Engineering Manager / Plant Manager
  • Operations Director / VP roles

Engineers reaching high management levels can earn well into the mid-six figures.

Professional Engineer (PE) licensure can boost chemical engineers’ careers, especially in design and consulting, often with a 10–20% salary uplift compared to non-licensed peers.

Job Market & Future Outlook (Through the 2030s)

Both fields are tied to fundamental human needs, energy, food, water, materials, and medicine—so neither is going away.

Future-Proof Careers: Emerging Opportunities in Chemistry & Chemical Engineering for 2026

1. Chemists

Projected growth (based on the data you referenced):

  • Employment growth around 5% over a decade, faster than average.
  • Several thousand job openings per year combining new roles and retirements.

Growth drivers:

  • Pharmaceuticals & biotech – drug discovery, formulation, analytics
  • Environmental work—pollution monitoring, remediation, sustainable chemistry
  • Materials science—batteries, polymers, semiconductors, nanomaterials
  • Quality control & testing—across many industries

Automation is changing how chemists work but not eliminating them. Robots may handle routine tasks; chemists still design experiments, interpret complex data, and drive innovation.

2. Chemical Engineers

For chemical engineers:

  • Projected growth is roughly 3% (about average) in some official data.
  • Other industry projections suggest higher growth (up to ~10% in some analyses), especially in emerging technologies.

Key growth areas:

  • Sustainable and renewable energy
    • Green hydrogen
    • Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF)
    • Biofuels and bio-based chemicals
    • Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)
  • Pharma and biomanufacturing
    • Biologics, vaccines, cell and gene therapies
    • Highly regulated, complex manufacturing processes
  • Semiconductors
    • Ultra-pure chemicals, advanced process gases, cleanroom processes
  • Alternative proteins and food tech
    • Plant-based meats, cultivated meats, precision fermentation

Traditional sectors like refining and petrochemicals are evolving but still need engineers for efficiency, safety, and environmental improvements.

Again, AI and digital tools tend to augment, not replace, chemical engineers, helping with simulation and optimisation while humans handle judgement, design, risk, and trade-offs.

Action Plan: What You Should Do Next

Different readers are at different stages. Here’s a practical roadmap based on where you are.

1. If You’re a High School Student

Focus on building a strong foundation:

  • Take advanced chemistry, physics, and calculus if available.
  • Add biology if you’re thinking pharma/biochem.
  • Join science clubs, fairs, Olympiads, or competitions.
  • Visit university chemistry and chemical engineering departments:
    • Attend open days
    • Sit in on introductory lectures
    • Ask current students about their experiences

Try to get exposure:

  • Summer programs at local universities
  • Lab shadowing if possible
  • Online courses or virtual lab simulations

Start exploring universities that have strong programmes in both chemistry and chemical engineering so you can keep your options open.

2. If You’re a College Freshman or Sophomore

If you’re undecided:

  • Take introductory chemistry and chemical engineering courses if possible.
  • Talk to:
    • Professors
    • Teaching assistants
    • Seniors in both majors

Seek experiences:

  • Join ACS (American Chemical Society) or similar chemistry clubs.
  • Join AIChE (American Institute of Chemical Engineers) or an equivalent.
  • Apply for summer internships or undergraduate research in labs or industry.

If your university allows it, starting in chemical engineering can sometimes make it easier to switch later to chemistry than the other way around (because of the maths and engineering requirements).

3. If You’re a College Junior or Senior

Now is the time to get practical:

  • Prioritise internships, co-ops, or research assistantships.
  • These experiences will:
    • Clarify what you actually enjoy
    • Make your resume much stronger

If you’re a chemistry major:

  • Decide whether you want to:
    • Enter industry after B.Sc.
    • Pursue a Master’s
    • Go for a PhD
  • Talk to grad students and professors honestly about the realities of graduate school.

If you’re a chemical engineering major:

  • Learn about PE licensure.
  • Consider taking the FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam near graduation.

For both:

  • Attend job fairs and career expos
  • Polish your resume and LinkedIn
  • Practice interviews
  • Start job hunting early in your final year

4. If You’re a Career Changer

You’re not too late, but you have to be strategic.

  • Identify your transferable skills:
    • Problem-solving
    • Data analysis
    • Technical or lab skills
    • Communication

Possible paths:

  • Post-baccalaureate or bridge programs in chemistry or chemical engineering
  • Master’s programs that accept students from related fields (physics, biology, maths, etc.)
  • Entry-level lab roles or technician roles while studying part-time

Network aggressively:

  • LinkedIn informational interviews
  • Local professional chapters
  • Alumni networks

Be realistic: you might need to accept entry-level roles at first, even if you had a more senior position in your previous field.

5. If You’re a Parent or Advisor

Your role is to:

  • Encourage exploration, not dictate choices.
  • Help students see both:
    • Financial realities (tuition, salaries, loans)
    • Personal fit (interests, strengths, lifestyle)

Support them in:

  • Talking to professionals
  • Visiting real workplaces
  • Gaining hands-on experiences before committing

Avoid pushing them into the supposedly “higher paying” path if their heart is clearly elsewhere; that often backfires long-term.

Hybrid and Interdisciplinary Options

The boundary between chemistry and chemical engineering is porous, not a brick wall. There are many “in-between” paths.

1. Biochemical Engineering

Perfect if you like biology, chemistry, and engineering.

Work includes:

  • Designing fermenters and bioreactors
  • Producing biopharmaceuticals (e.g., monoclonal antibodies)
  • Developing processes for enzymes, biofuels, and biologics

Often offered as:

  • A track within chemical engineering
  • A separate degree (biochemical or bioprocess engineering)

2. Process Chemistry

Sits between research chemistry and chemical engineering.

Process chemists:

  • Take molecules from medicinal chemists
  • Develop routes that work at the kilogram–tonne scale.
  • Optimize reactions for yield, safety, cost, and sustainability
  • Work closely with chemical engineers and manufacturing

Ideal for chemists who enjoy scale-up, practicality, and seeing products reach the market.

3. Materials Science & Engineering

Blends chemistry, physics, and engineering.

Focus areas:

  • Polymers, composites, ceramics, metals
  • Batteries, fuel cells, semiconductors
  • Lightweight aerospace materials, coatings, smart materials

People enter from:

  • Chemistry
  • Chemical engineering
  • Materials-specific programs

4. Pharmaceutical Sciences

A broad umbrella that includes:

  • Medicinal chemistry
  • Formulation and drug delivery
  • Analytical development
  • Manufacturing science and technology (MS&T)

Chemists and chemical engineers both fit here but do different pieces of the puzzle.

5. Environmental Engineering / Environmental Chemistry

Roles include:

  • Designing water and wastewater treatment systems
  • Pollution control and air quality
  • Soil and groundwater remediation

A chemistry background helps understand pollutants; an engineering background helps design systems to treat them.

6. Beyond Science: Law, Business, Communication

From either base (chemistry or chemical engineering), people move into:

  • Patent law / IP – with a law degree and patent bar
  • Technical sales/business development – selling equipment, chemicals, or services
  • Regulatory affairs—ensuring compliance with FDA, EPA, etc.
  • Science writing/communication—explaining complex topics to broader audiences
  • Management consulting—advising companies on strategy and operations

Your degree is the foundation; you can build many structures on top of it.

Common Myths And the Truth

Let’s quickly clear up some myths that confuse students.

Myth 1: “Chemical engineers are just chemists who couldn’t handle real chemistry.”
Reality: Chemical engineers are not failed chemists. They are engineers who use chemistry plus thermodynamics, transport phenomena, control, and economics to tackle large-scale problems. It’s a different discipline.

Myth 2: “Chemists can’t earn good money unless they have a PhD.”
Reality: While PhDs help, bachelor’s and master’s chemists can earn solid salaries, especially in pharma, speciality chemicals, or senior QC/analytical roles. The average is lower than for chemical engineers, but it’s still very liveable.

Myth 3: “Chemical engineering is just chemistry with more maths.”
Reality: Chemical engineering is much more than “chemistry + math”. It’s about process systems, equipment design, optimisation, and scale-up. Chemistry is one piece of the puzzle.

Myth 4: “Chemistry is dying because automation will replace chemists.”
Reality: Automation replaces repetitive tasks, not creative thinking. Chemists are still needed to design experiments, interpret unexpected results, and invent new molecules and methods.

Myth 5: “Chemical engineers only work in oil refineries.”
Reality: They work in pharma, biotech, food, semiconductors, consulting, energy, environment, materials, and more. Refineries are just one sector.

Myth 6: “You can’t have work-life balance in these fields.”
Reality: Many chemists and chemical engineers have very reasonable hours. Some plant roles or startup environments can be intense, but there are also government, academic, and consulting roles with good balance. It’s more about job type and employer than the field itself.

Quick FAQs

Q1. What’s the single biggest difference?

Chemistry focuses on understanding and creating molecules at a small scale.
Chemical engineering focuses on designing and operating processes that make those molecules at a large scale.

Q2. Which pays more overall?

On average, chemical engineering pays significantly more at all experience levels. But a highly successful chemist can still earn very well, especially with advanced degrees and industry experience.

Q3. Which is more math-intensive?

Chemical engineering, clearly. If you’re uncomfortable with calculus, differential equations, and modelling, you may find it tough.

Q4. Which is better for a career in pharmaceuticals?

  • Want to design new drugs at the molecular level? → Chemistry
  • Want to scale up and manufacture drugs safely and efficiently? → Chemical engineering

Both are crucial to the industry but do different work.

Q5. Can I switch later?

Yes, but it may require extra coursework or a bridge programme:

  • Chemistry → Chemical engineering: need thermo, transport, design, more maths
  • Chemical engineering → Chemistry research: may need advanced chemistry coursework and possibly a chemistry-focused graduate program

The earlier you pivot, the easier it is.

Q6. Do I need grad school?

  • Chemistry: often yes, especially for research roles (M.Sc. or PhD).
  • Chemical engineering: not necessarily; many engineers have excellent careers with just a B.Sc. Graduate degrees are helpful but not mandatory.

Conclusion: Choosing the Path That Fits You

Both chemistry and chemical engineering are excellent choices. They:

  • Pay well (with chemical engineering usually higher)
  • Offer strong job security
  • Let you work on meaningful problems in health, energy, environment, and technology

The real question is not “Which is better?” but:

Which one fits my mind, my interests, and the life I want to build?

Choose chemistry if you:

  • Love lab work and experiments
  • Are fascinated by molecules and mechanisms
  • Enjoy detailed, careful, often slow-but-deep work
  • Are open to (or excited about) graduate school

Choose chemical engineering if you:

  • Enjoy math and modelling.
  • Like thinking in systems and flows
  • Are excited by factories, plants, and large-scale impact
  • Want a strong salary with just a bachelor’s (though grad school is still an option)

Remember: this decision is important, but it’s not a life sentence. Careers evolve. People pivot into hybrid fields, move into business or law, or change focus as industries evolve.

For now, your best move is to

  1. Be honest about your strengths (math vs. lab patience, depth vs. systems thinking).
  2. Get real-world exposure, internships, lab work, plant visits, and interviews with professionals.
  3. Choose the path that excites you, then commit to doing it well.

Both paths can lead to a rewarding, impactful, and financially secure life. Your job is to pick the one that feels like you.

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